Spotlighting Palestinian voices

"Speaking about Palestine in Germany should not be an act of courage," organisers of the ALFILM – Arab Film Festival Berlin stated at the event's opening ceremony back in 2023. A year later, amid the ongoing war in Gaza, organising a film festival spotlighting Palestinian voices is an even greater challenge: "It feels like an impossible task right now. It doesn't even feel like an act of courage. It feels like suicide somehow, honestly," says festival director Pascale Fakhry.

The team is nevertheless taking this risk. The ALFILM festival, which has established itself, according to Fakhry, as the "biggest cinema platform representing Arab culture in Germany" since it first started in 2009, is once again being staged from 24-30 April. "Everybody is extremely on edge," Fakhry admitted.  A number of incidents have contributed to this tense atmosphere.

For example, Fakhry says that police inquired about the event at one of the festival's venues, the City Kino Wedding, before the programme had been put up in the cinema. Having heard that an Arab film festival was being held there, the authorities implied that there must be something suspicious about an event they didn't know about, according to Fakhry.

When the theatre's director informed the police that five other venues in Berlin were also part of the film festival, that it has been held for the past 15 years, and that the entire programme could be found online, the police "were extremely embarrassed", said the film festival organiser.

Fearful of coming to Germany

Many international news outlets, including the New York Times, have been reporting on how Germany's cultural sector has been hit by cancellations and postponements of events that included participants showing support for Palestinians or having said statements about the Israel-Hamas war that were deemed anti-Semitic.

The number of anti-Semitic incidents has been rising in Germany, which is also contributing to the additional degree of caution. In this context, German politicians have been called to react and draw a strict line against anti-Semitism, especially considering the historical responsibility of the country as a result of the crimes of the Holocaust.  

In February, the acceptance speeches of some prize-winning filmmakers at the Berlin International Film Festival caused an uproar among German politicians. One of the prize-winners, an Israeli director and activist, said that due to media coverage labelling his speech as "anti-Semitic", he received death threats in his home country.

Fakhry points out that in such a context, many of her festival's guests "are afraid to come to Germany … I mean, none of them wants to have a backlash and be accused of anti-Semitism".

Trigger words

The ALFILM festival organisers held preparatory briefings with the international filmmakers they invited to discuss some of the specific "trigger words in Germany", Fakhry says. "But we also told them that it is still a space that is free and that we will not censor them."

Contested terms such as "genocide", "apartheid" and "settler colonialism" have provoked an outcry in Germany when used to describe Israel's policies. The interior ministry has criminalised the expression "from the river to the sea" in Germany. "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free" is a political slogan that is criticised for denying Israel's right to exist.

The festival's spotlight section, whose theme is always selected in reaction to current conflicts, is this year titled: "Here is Elsewhere: Palestine in Arab Cinema and Beyond". Fakhry says the programmers were transparent about this choice of theme with their financial backers, who maintained their trust in the team. This, at least, helped them "feel secure" in a way.

But the future of the event remains uncertain, knowing that the Berlin state government, which also funds ALFILM, attempted in January to implement a so-called anti-discrimination clause that would not allow anyone deemed to have made "anti-Semitic statements" to receive financial support from the city.

Controversial anti-Semitism decision

The clause would have followed the definition of anti-Semitism as set out by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, which is often criticized for labelling as "anti-Semitic" what others would see as legitimate criticism of Israel. IHRA's definition includes "drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis" and "denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavour". 

Even though the controversial clause has been tossed, the debate is still very present in the German capital and throughout the country. "We are very much aware that what we are doing is not acceptable for a lot of the political and cultural actors in Germany," says Fakhry, but for the ALFILM team, offering an uncensored platform for dialogue feels "existential".

Invited to open the film festival with her documentary "Bye Bye Tiberias", French-Palestinian-Algerian filmmaker Lina Soualem said that she is not necessarily more nervous to present her film in Berlin than elsewhere. "I mean, it's always hard to speak about this in general," she admitted. But since her documentary is based on her family's personal story, she knows these "life experiences are real and deserve to exist".

Lived experiences

"Bye Bye Tiberias" centres on four generations of strong Palestinian women. In the film combining home movies, archive footage, photos and family reunions, we discover that Soualem's great-grandmother ended up raising her eight children alone, following the family's 1948 expulsion from their home in Tiberias, during the war that followed the establishment of the state of Israel. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were displaced and dispossessed during what Palestinians refer to as the "Nakba" – 'catastrophe' in Arabic. 

Another central figure in Soualem's documentary is her mother, acclaimed Palestinian actress Hiam Abbass (who starred in "Succession"). Abbas left her village of Deir Hanna to pursue her acting career in Europe – another form of exile that has affected the young filmmaker's own identity, as she grew up in France craving a better understanding of her background.

For Soualem, exploring intimate relationships within the context of a Palestinian family automatically conveys the collective history of the people: "Each Palestinian story is political per se," she points out, as they "continued to not only survive, but to live after having experienced mass dispossession and deprivation of their identity as Palestinians – which is the case of every Palestinian, specifically since 1948".

Stories of the marginalised

Her film, which premiered at the Venice film festival last September and was selected as the Palestinian entry for the 2024 Oscars, was completed before Hamas' October 7 terrorist attacks that led to Israel's retaliation in Gaza. 

But even before that, when Soualem made her film, "there was already dehumanisation of Palestinians, deprivation of identity, silencing. All these things were already a reality," says the director.

"We always talk about Palestinians as a mass, as if they were an abstract people. We talk about Gaza as an abstraction. And it's actually lives and people." She says that she was "motivated to make the film to give back complexity to the Palestinians and Palestinian lives through my personal story, because Palestinians were so dehumanised, so stigmatised".

Soualem's goal with her documentary echoes the Arab Film Festival's mission: "In a context of stories that have been made invisible and marginalised, images and storytelling become vital. Because if we don't tell our stories, history is written without us," points out the documentary filmmaker. "Being able to tell our stories and transmitting them is also a way of surviving. Especially in a context when lives are disappearing, cinema will always exist to remember these people, these lives that are being erased."

Elizabeth Grenier

© Deutsche Welle 2024