Discrimination against Muslims in India: mass protests against new citizenship law

Dozens of people have been killed as a result of protests against India's controversial Citizenship Amendment Act. Critics say the law is aimed at marginalising Muslims and goes against India's secular constitution. By Rodion Ebbighausen

Muslims as second-class citizens? At the beginning of December, the Indian Upper House of Parliament passed a law that allows hundreds of thousands of immigrants to become citizens – only Muslims are excluded. Critics accuse Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist party BJP of discriminating against the 200 million Muslims in the country
Shutdown in parts of India: the Indian government suspended Internet services and tightened security in several parts of the country, including the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. The government is expecting another wave of violent protests against the controversial new Citizenship Amendment Act, which was enacted on December 11
Defending India's secular constitution: the new law gives Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Christian and Parsi immigrants from Muslim-majority Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan a path toward fast-track citizenship. Critics say the law discriminates against Muslims and that the award of citizenship based on religion violates India's secular constitution
Fears of citizenship registration: the Indian government is also preparing plans for a National Register of Citizens (NRC), in what it says is an attempt to identify and expel undocumented illegal immigrants. If a nationwide NRC is implemented, critics fear that residents unable to prove citizenship would be turned stateless. A similar exercise in Assam state has already excluded nearly 2 million residents from the list
Outcry of intellectuals: several liberal-minded intellectuals such as the well-known writer Arundhati Roy have sharply criticised the new law and the government's plan to create a nationwide citizenship registration. Conservative politicians such as Subramanian Swamy, a former minister of commerce, have called for Roy to be arrested and charged with sedition
Students against the new law: students from several universities across the country have taken to the streets to protest against the new measures. Several student organisations are at the forefront of the protests. They are making use of social media to wage a parallel battle online and teach people how to organise demonstrations
Police cracking down on protesters: Indian authorities have deployed thousands of riot police to control the protests. At least 25 people have so far died in two weeks of at times violent demonstrations. India's army chief has also criticised the role of students in the protests
Hindu nationalists adamant: Prime minister Narendra Modi's Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has remained adamant throughout the protests. They say that people are misguided and don't understand the real meaning of the law. The BJP blames the opposition Congress Party for creating confusion and igniting fear
Supporters of new citizenship act: the Rashitrya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a right-wing, Hindu-nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. Members of the group, which is the parent organisation of the BJP, were seen parading on the outskirts of Hyderabad in support of the new law