"We Need Constitutional Change"
You are Egypt's leading feminist. When did you start advocating women's rights?
Nawal El Saadawi: What do we mean by feminism? It means that you get angry when your brother is treated better than you. So when my brother was treated better than me at home, and when the rich girls at school where treated better than me, I was rebelling against gender, against class. I have been rebelling since I was seven years old. I was born a feminist, my mother was born a feminist and even my grandmother was.
So it runs in the family...
El Saadawi: We all have this, everywhere in the world. European women are also struggling for their freedom and for equality.
Do you think these women could be role models for Egyptian women?
El Saadawi: I am against role models. I don't look to Swedish women or German women and say they are my ideal, or I want to be like that.
Because they have their own problems?
El Saadawi: Yes. And they live in the same capitalist patriarchal system as us.
How has the situation of women in Egypt changed since you were young?
El Saadawi: It has changed for the worse and the better. When I was a girl I was encouraged by my father and mother to study. The extended family tried to marry me off when I was ten, because that was in line with the traditions of my father's rural background. But my parents stood by me and encouraged me to continue my education. This did not happen in all families. Even my grandmother, who was a peasant and illiterate, was very rebellious.
So do you still see this rebellious streak in modern Egyptian women?
El Saadawi: It has died down a great deal. If I compare my childhood during the 1940s and now after more than 60 years, there were many positive things then that have disappeared.
Why is that?
El Saadawi: Because of a backlash against women's rights and the poor in the whole world. The increasing power of capitalism, militarism, religious fundamentalism, patriarchy, racism – all this strengthens religion. When I was young nobody asked me what my religion was.
Do you think that the situation of women in the Arab world is regressing?
El Saadawi: Of course it is not regressing. I'll give you an example. Not long ago the state-run Al-Ahram newspaper ran a front-page story about the fact that women judges are allowed in the State Council.
What do you think about this issue?
El Saadawi: This is politics, and politics is a game, and it is not a clean game. That is why I don't want to go into politics. Only once did I do that, in 2005, when I put my name up for the presidential elections. I did it only for historical reasons, to say that a woman from Egypt can do it, and then I boycotted the elections.
Is it constitutional for a woman to become president?
El Saadawi: Of course it is. I wanted to show the equality, that the Egyptian woman has the right to compete with Mubarak and to put up her name as a candidate. I did it and I made my point. Then I boycotted the elections because the police were after me. They prevented me from continuing.
Going back to history and the backlash...
El Saadawi: Yes, there is a backlash, but it's not only against Egyptian women, it's universal. The fundamentalist movement is not specific to Islam. I lived in the States for the last four years, I was a professor there. The US has had a Christian fundamentalist coalition, since Reagan, supporting the Republicans, George Bush, even Obama. Obama couldn't have won the elections if he hadn't flattered the Neo-Christians.
But let's stick to Egypt.
El Saadawi: No, I can't speak about Egypt in isolation. I teach creativity and dissidence. What I mean by creativity is linking. You have to link the global with the local. We live in one world, not three worlds. So if I speak about Egypt, I have to speak about the world. If I speak about women's issues, I have to speak about global politics. There is a relationship between female genital mutilation in Egypt and George Bush's policy in Egypt.
Can you explain that?
El Saadawi: We did a study in the Arab women's solidarity association. We discovered that the American policy and the Sadat policy encouraged religious groups to fight against feminism, communism, socialism and even liberals. So there is a connection.
Female circumcision has been outlawed in Egypt since 2008. Do you feel the battle has been won?
El Saadawi: Of course I am very happy that the government – after half a century – did what I was asking for. But my happiness is not complete. Because there is a lot of political propaganda. I am happy when I read that women can become judges in the State Council. But that doesn't mean that women are liberated in Egypt.
Do you think that the decision to allow women as judges in the State Council, although the Council voted by a great majority against female judges, is a way for the government to keep a certain quota of women in official posts?
El Saadawi: We all live in patriarchal, capitalist male-dominated societies, pretty much everywhere in the world. If you look at it, this move by the government is political propaganda. This has nothing to do with the equality of men and women.
Do you believe that it is good that there is a quota for women or are you against it?
El Saadawi: I'm not for it or against it. It's not the solution.
You wouldn't accept it for a transitional period?
El Saadawi: Perhaps. I support any step that gives women something. But some people think that this is the solution.
What is the solution then?
El Saadawi: We have to get to the roots of the problem. We need constitutional change.
Do you believe that the movement around Mohamed al-Baradei, the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency who also wants to change the constitution, is a chance for Egypt?
El Saadawi: No, I will never elect al-Baradei, or Amr Moussa, or Ahmed Zuweil, none of those people.
Why not? Don't they want change just like you want change?
El Saadawi: No, because it will just be like another Mubarak.
Al-Baradei seems very determined to bring democratic processes into Egyptian politics.
El Saadawi: It's not about exchanging one individual for another individual, you have to change the basis of the system, the basis of patriarchy, the basis of class.
How can the situation in Egypt change for the better?
El Saadawi: Number one: There are many good brains in the country, but the government is not using the creative minds of the Egyptians. The real intellectuals who do not flatter the government and are honest are at home.
What role would you envision for these intellectuals? A post as a minister for example?
El Saadawi: Not a minister, no. If you change the government that doesn't mean you change the system. Mubarak was like Sadat and al-Baradei will be like Mubarak. It's a process of many steps. Number one is to open up the media. The government owns and controls the media.
You're talking about censorship.
El Saadawi: Yes, they have to allow me and other creative minds to speak on television, to the people who can't read and write. I write books, but 50 percent of the population don't read. If they allow creative people to speak up there will be a dialogue. We need to change the educational system. To reshape minds, to change the way we think.
The biggest problem in Egypt seems to be the state of the educational system.
El Saadawi: Yes, it's not about what we think, but how. Here in Egypt the educational system doesn't teach the children how to think. There are thousands of intellectuals who teach abroad but we need them here.
But why do you think the government is not open to these changes?
El Saadawi: Because they're afraid to distribute wealth and power. It's a monopoly. The government and a few people monopolise the wealth and power in Egypt. That is capitalism, that is class oppression and also male domination.
So in order to change this country you think that you first of all have to change the educational system?
El Saadawi: Not first of all. You have to fight on many fronts. Change the constitution, change the law, change education, change culture, change the people who dominate the system.
What do you think will be the outcome of the upcoming elections in 2011? Who will become the next president in Egypt?
El Saadawi: I don't care who will come. This is not the problem.
Will you be voting?
El Saadawi: Of course I'll vote, but sometimes I don't vote for anybody. But what really occupies my mind is not who is coming, because as long as the system is the same he will be spoilt. He will be corrupted, because the system corrupts the president. Even I would be corrupted by the system, because the system controls me. So we have to change the system.
Don't you think that the opposition movement that has formed around Mohamed al-Baradei also wants to change the system?
El Saadawi: I don't believe in the opposition parties. They were created by the government. It was Sadat who created them, that's why they are totally hated by the people. And they work with the government secretly and even openly now. At night they work with the Muslim brotherhood and in the morning they attack them. That's plain hypocrisy.
In the last couple of years there has been a lot of talk about sexual harassment in Egypt. Did it exist when you were young?
El Saadawi: Rape has always existed in every country. Rape is the product of patriarchy and class. Women's issues, sexual issues, female genital mutilation, virginity problems and "honour killings” are all connected to global politics and international capitalism, militarism, patriarchy and class. You can't separate them. That's why we started with women and ended with politics.
And that's why your struggle continues.
El Saadawi: My work is continuous, because it is the work of the people.
So you feel there's still a long way to go?
El Saadawi: Yes, but I'm very optimistic. Because it's not difficult. Next year I'll be turning 80, and many people ask me: Do you still have hope? Yes, because hope is power.
Do you feel repressed?
El Saadawi: It's not a matter of feeling because creativity makes me free. My mind is free, I can fly anywhere, even in prison.
Interview: Amira El Ahl
© Qantara.de 2010
Editor: Lewis Gropp/Qantara.de
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