Satire's timeless appeal
Enough was enough! It was time to set an example. Arrest warrants were therefore issued for the publisher Albert Langen, the caricaturist Thomas Theodor Heine and the poet Frank Wedekind, who were all charged with ″insulting a royal majesty″ – a law still in existence today as paragraph 103 of the German penal code.
Even as the Kaiser′s court began preparing in the spring of 1868 for the royal couple′s trip to the Holy Land, it was accompanied by wild speculation on the part of the international press. French newspapers conjectured that the German Kaiser wanted to question French claims to Palestine, for example, or was planning a naval base in Haifa.
In his forefathers′ footsteps
The German court meanwhile never tired of stressing the private nature of the pilgrimage. Wilhelm II wanted to follow in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, both of whom had visited Palestine and the holy sites. He also intended to dedicate the Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem, a construction project initiated by Wilhelm′s father Friedrich III.
And so the Kaiser and his wife travelled via Constantinople to Palestine that October, visited German settlers in the region, sojourned at the German consulate in Haifa, made a trip to Bethlehem and finally dedicated the new church in Jerusalem. Although Wilhelm II assured the Germans living in Palestine of his solidarity and protection, the trip had no political aspect other than a brief meeting with the Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid in Constantinople.
That did not go unnoticed by Theodor Herzl, who paid a visit to the German Kaiser with a Zionist delegation and tried to win him over to the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine. Here too, Wilhelm II assured the Jewish settlers of his admiration and support for their work, but the German Empire′s alliance with the Ottoman Empire was far too important for foreign policy for him to consider Herzl′s idea seriously.
Back in Berlin, the royal couple′s Palestinian pilgrimage soon began to be mystified by postcards, special editions and even children′s books. Wilhelm II was the first German emperor for 670 years to visit the Holy Land as Kaiser. The last to do so had been the legendary Friedrich II, whereas Wilhelm′s direct ancestors had only made it to the Middle East as crown princes.
From myth to scandal
It was this myth that garnered Simplicissimus′s ridicule. Founded by Albert Langen only a few years previously, the initially tame literary review soon developed into a caustic satirical magazine. Its preferred target, alongside Wilhelm′s policies, was the conservative, militarist society so characteristic of the era. Simplicissimus made the acquaintance of the censorship bodies early on. In Austria, where the magazine was also published, the state banned its fourth issue – Langen had printed a poem by Georg Herwegh, one of the leaders of the 1848/49 revolution and later a co-founder of the German Workers′ Association. Nevertheless, readers and not least the magazine′s editors were surprised at how far they could go with their satire at times.
In the “Palestine issue”, however, they ridiculed the head of state directly. The cover is a caricature by Thomas Theodor Heine, showing Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa doubled over in laughter, clutching a Prussian military helmet, while the crusader Gottfried von Boullion rebukes him with the words ″Don′t laugh like that, Barbarossa! There was no point to our crusades either.″ As if that weren′t enough, Frank Wedekind mocked the Kaiser′s vanity and crusader allures in the poem ″In the Holy Land″.
The state would not stand for such direct derision of the Kaiser and the issue was confiscated and banned shortly after publication. The state prosecutor′s office also issued arrest warrants for the publisher Albert Langen, the caricaturist Thomas Theodor Heine and an unknown party, as Frank Wedekind had written his poem under a pseudonym. The charge was ″insulting a royal majesty″. While Heine handed himself in to the authorities and Langen fled to Paris, Wedekind was not unmasked until a search of the Simplicissimus editorial office in Munich. He too managed to escape to Paris. Plagued by his conscience, however, Wedekind soon decided to hand himself in and returned to Germany. He and Heine were found guilty of insulting the Kaiser and given prison sentences, which they served at the Konigstein Fortress in Saxony.
Whereas Wedekind and Heine were pardoned after some six months, Langen stayed in his Paris exile until 1903 and was not allowed to return to Germany until he had paid a fine of 30,000 marks. The scandal over the ″Palestine issue″ made all three men legends in German newspaper history, as well as doubling Simplicissimus′ print run.
Christine Pfeilschifter
© Qantara.de 2016
Translated from the German by Katy Derbyshire