More scared of starving than of coronavirus

Bar Elias refugee camp (photo: Medyen al-Ahmed)

With social distancing impossible in tents, a coronavirus outbreak in one of Lebanon's Syrian refugee camps would quickly turn catastrophic. Yet, many Syrians have more existential fears than those posed by the virus. Diana Hodali reports

By Diana Hodali

Approaching Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, one sees hundreds of Syrian refugee camps. There, improvised shelters, often covered with plastic tarps, are perched between fields and bushes. That is also the case in Bar Elias, where the never-ending civil war in neighbouring Syria is not as distant as elsewhere – Bar Elias is just 15 km from the Syrian border.

Bar Elias is also the home of the Medyen refugee camp. Named after its founder, Medyen al-Ahmed, the unofficial camp has been operating in Bar Elias since 2013. Currently, nine families occupy eight tents in the camp. They all come from Al-Qusayr, a western Syrian city belonging to the Homs Governorate. The families all live in shelters built right on the ground. That means they live in a muddy swamp that is impossible to heat in the winter and one that is unbearably hard and hot in the summer. "Nine of us live in this tent," says Medyan al-Ahmed. Beyond looking after his own wife and children, al-Ahmed has also had to take care of his sister and her children since her husband was killed in the war.

Extra lockdown measures for Syrians

Speaking by telephone, Medyen says of course he and the others have obeyed all of the curfew and lockdown rules put in place by the Lebanese government in an attempt to stop the spread of the coronavirus, but he says it is impossible to observe social distancing in a tent.

Syrians are used to having limited mobility in Lebanon, where refugees were often subjected to arbitrary curfews long before the coronavirus pandemic hit.

Medyen al-Ahmed (photo: Medyen al-Ahmed) — Unerträgliche Lebensbedingungen: In den acht Zelten des kleinen, informellen Flüchtlingslager Medyen leben neun Familien aus Kussair. Sie alle wohnen in Behausungen, die nur schwer beheizt werden können, im Sommer wiederum unerträglich heiß werden, und die auf einem Boden stehen, der im Winter aufweicht und zu einem Sumpf verkommt, berichtet Flüchtlingslager-Gründer Medyen al-Ahmed.

But when the coronavirus pandemic began in mid-March, the Lebanese government announced further limits in which only one person would be allowed to conduct all of a given camp's shopping. In Bar Elias the job fell to Medyen. Maybe that is why he sounds so exhausted on the phone.

"Life wasn't easy before," he says, "but now I have lost my jobs, too, and everything is four times as expensive." The normally relaxed 43-year-old sounds unusually distraught.

No more school, no more work

Medyen was a merchant in Syria, but then the war came and took everything. When he first arrived in Lebanon he was only concerned with one thing: the well-being of the children. He soon began participating in workshops put on by organisations aiding Syrian refugees, and then he began working for those same organisations. Eventually, with financial assistance from a small German organisation called Shams (sun), Medyen started a school in the camp. Originally based in a tent, the school has now moved into a real two-storey building outside the camp, and the state of Lebanon has even said it will recognise diplomas earned there.

"We have had to stop teaching because of the coronavirus," says Medyen. He says that has been disastrous for the children, many of whom can barely read or write as a result of war and displacement. In any case, many of the contracts that Medyen al-Ahmed has with aid organisations have been suspended indefinitely. "We are getting training via WhatsApp and Zoom," he tells me, but says he does not have a paying job at the moment.

Lebanon's disastrous economy

Lebanon's already catastrophic economic situation has only been made worse by nationwide coronavirus lockdowns. The country is broke, and its currency, the Lebanese pound, has been in free fall for months. Most Syrians in Lebanon work as day labourers in the construction, agricultural or janitorial sectors, where most work has been put on hold as a result of the pandemic.

Beyond the coronavirus, the situation for foreign workers in Lebanon – including Syrian and Palestinian refugees – was made even more difficult last summer, when the government passed a new law requiring labourers to provide documentation of job guarantees from employers before they could legally work. Already hard to get before, such pledges have become impossible to obtain during the coronavirus pandemic.

Child in Bar Elias refugee camp (photo: Medyen al-Ahmed) — Am stärksten von der Corona-Krise und den damit einhergehenden Einschränkungen betroffen: Für viele syrische Kinder ist die Situation besonders schwer, sie können nicht zur Schule gehen und haben keine Perspektive.

Syrians being stigmatised

Basmeh & Zeitooneh is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) working on a number of refugee projects in the Beqaa Valley. Representatives from the group say they are familiar with the problems Syrians face here. Mohamed Taleb, who runs the organisation's community centre, says: "Many Syrians are suffering from stigmatisation, because most Lebanese simply assume Syrians are more likely to have the coronavirus because of a presumed lack of hygiene and the cramped living quarters of the camps."

The Lebanese government has actively contributed to that stigmatisation. This past Monday, for instance, Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the crisis had "three faces" in Lebanon. Beyond the coronavirus itself, Aoun pointed to the country's overall economic crisis and the presence of Syrian refugees as reasons contributing to the sorry state of affairs in Lebanon. Tellingly, Aoun did not say a word about corruption – rampant in Lebanon for decades – during his address.

To date, there have been no coronavirus infections registered in any of Lebanon's Syrian refugee camps, a fact that Medyen al-Ahmed and Mohamed Taleb confirmed.

Still, one case of infection was recently registered at a Palestinian refugee camp near the city of Baalbek. According to Johns Hopkins University in the U.S., a total of 750 coronavirus infections have been registered in Lebanon and 25 people have died of its resulting disease, COVID-19. It must be said, however, that no one has any idea what the actual number of infected in Lebanon is at this point.

"Of course it would be disastrous if cases began to appear in the Syrian refugee camps because everyone in them is connected and they live in such close proximity to one another," says Mohamed Taleb.

Worried about medical care

But what would happen if someone in a camp were to recognise COVID-19 symptoms? Some organisations, such as Doctors Without Borders, have set up health centres for Syrians at Lebanese hospitals. But Mohamed Taleb says most Syrians are too scared to go to such centres because they fear they could run into legal trouble if they no longer have valid residency permits or other valuable documents.

Last year, the Lebanese government forcibly deported several hundred Syrians for lacking such documents. Therefore, people think long and hard before seeking a coronavirus test or treatment, for they know there are only two alternatives: health care or possible deportation.

Human Rights Watch has highlighted these issues concerning Lebanon's policies and called on the government to make clear to Syrians in the country that they need not fear legal retribution and will receive medical treatment if they have COVID-19 symptoms.

Mohamed Taleb is 24 and works for the NGO Basmeh & Zeitooneh (photo: Medyen al-Ahmed) — "Viele Syrer leiden unter Stigmatisierung, denn viele Menschen im Libanon gehen gleich davon aus, dass Syrer aufgrund eines mutmaßlichen Hygienemangels und enger Wohnverhältnisse eher das Coronavirus haben könnten als andere", sagt Mohamed Taleb. Der 24-Jährige arbeitet bei der Organisation Basmeh und Zeitooneh.

Basmeh & Zeitooneh and other organisations have been handing out hygiene kits in and around Bar Elias, as well as informing people about the virus via WhatsApp. They have also devoted a lot of energy to informing refugees how to deal with coronavirus conspiracy theories and related disinformation.

"We received soap, disinfectant and masks, too," says Medyen al-Ahmad. He says he and his wife have taught their children how to protect themselves and that others in the camp are well aware of ways to minimise the risk of infection. "I am most worried about the health of the children," Medyen's wife Umn Khaled says on the telephone. She is a humble and friendly woman who tells me, "We will just have to trust in God beyond that."

Fear of starvation

Medyen says most of the larger camps in Lebanon receive financial assistance, but the smaller ones often fall through the cracks. He sounds concerned, then he says, "I don't know how life will change after the coronavirus."

Meanwhile, Lebanon has relaxed some of its restrictions. For instance, curfews are only in place from 9 p.m. until 5 a.m., and cafes and restaurants can now open – though they can only seat one-third of their capacity at any given time. Medyen says a certain level of normalcy has also returned to the camps, but he adds: "People can't put up with this situation much longer. They have no money and they are finding it difficult to just do nothing all day. Meanwhile, they are more scared of starvation than they are of the coronavirus."

Diana Hodali