"Now it's the men's turn"
"You are free, my wife!" – "As an Iranian man, I am ashamed of Article 18 of the passport law!" – "Not only do I give my wife back her right to travel, but I also restore all the other rights to which she is entitled." (See lead photo.) All of these declarations were made by Iranian men and have been circulating in Iranian social media such as Facebook and under the hashtag #itsmensturn since the end of September.
The incident that sparked this unusual campaign by Iranian men for women's rights came from the world of sports. Niloufar Ardalan, the popular team captain of the Iranian national football team (″Lady Goal″), was forced to remain at home during the Asian Indoor Championships in Malaysia. And not because she was injured. The real reason lay in a domestic quarrel. Ardalan's husband, the well-known sports broadcaster Mehdi Toutounchi, wanted his wife to be present for their youngest son's first day at school. All it took was for him to appeal to his rights.
According to Iranian law, a husband has the final word on whether his wife can leave the country. This also applies to the right to work, to study, a couple's common domicile, custody rights and divorce. As soon as a woman gets married, she automatically relinquishes all these rights to her husband. The only exception is the pilgrimage to Mecca. A woman does not require permission from a man to make this journey.
The struggle for women's rights is not yet won
Although the law is now over 50 years old and originates from the time before the Islamic Revolution, it has largely been rendered obsolete by current social realities in Iran. In their struggle against the conservative religious leadership of their country, women have achieved more and more financial and social independence – these days, they even make up over 70 per cent of those attending university.
Despite all this, the fight for women's rights in Iran is far from won, says the world-renowned lawyer and human rights activist Nasrin Sotudeh, who was imprisoned from 2010 to 2013 and is forbidden to travel abroad by government decree. "In certain sections of society, such travel bans for women are an everyday occurrence and nobody makes a fuss about it," she says.
It is all the more welcome that "the younger generation is no longer prepared to endure such injustice. It makes no difference whether they are justified ideologically, on the basis of the Islamic Revolution, or under the pretext that men are the dominant sex. There are many young men of this generation who are even prepared to risk criminal proceedings. Some have already been imprisoned and they were willing to pay this price," reports Nasrin Sotudeh.
Stalemate despite the Internet campaign
She is referring here to the various women's and civil rights initiatives that led to the emergence of the so-called "Green movement" in 2009, which protested the re-election of President Ahmadinejad, the predecessor of current President Rohani. The movement was crushed and, since then – for fear of repression – something of a stalemate has set in between civil society and the regime, says the social scientist Kaveh Mozafari, who was himself active in the movement.
He welcomes the current Internet campaign, but remains sceptical as to its effectiveness. "It is all very good to stand up and be counted, but I don't think that the majority of these men would be prepared to pay a higher price than posting their photos on Facebook to bring about real change," he suspects.
It is indeed legally possible to have changes included in the marriage contract before the wedding, thereby restoring all the rights that a woman, according to law, must relinquish to her husband. The responsible registry offices, however, are staffed with officials and clerics who cling to the traditional gender roles and often refuse to register such a modification.
Changes to the marriage contract are possible, but difficult
Kaveh Mozafari is one of the few people who nonetheless succeeded. "First, we had to search for a long time in order to find a registry office that was prepared to make the changes. Then the official had problems with the content of the text that we wanted included. He simply couldn't cope and refused to amend the contract word-for-word. He constantly told me that he couldn't bear the pressure and felt like I was trying to deceive him, and so on." In the end, though, Kaveh and his wife prevailed.
Many women have no idea that the possibility of modifying the marriage contract even exists, says Kaveh Mozafari. And for those that do know, the option is seen as inappropriate under their circumstances or they don't even dare to broach the subject.
Many couples fear conflict with their families before the wedding. In addition, there are still many cases of arranged marriages. "A woman who has undergone what is, more or less, a forced marriage, is worlds away from making such utopian and progressive demands," says the social scientist.
He and Nasrin Sotudeh both regard modifications of the marriage contract as a mere makeshift solution. The situation will only change when the laws are changed. Otherwise, says Kaveh Mozafari, "Men can always force their women back into the kitchen, regardless of how high a position they hold in society."
Yalda Zarbakhch
© Deutsche Welle 2015
Translated from the German by John Bergeron