A skewed view of Yemen's plight
In 2011 and 2012, the supporters of the Yemeni revolution camped out for a year on Change Square, right in the centre of the capital city. They were not the only ones there; the Houthis also had a large tent on the square. The men gathered in the afternoons, as is the custom there, one cheek stuffed with chewed-up qat leaves, and sat around watching martyr videos.
They had no shortage of dead people to mourn. Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen's long-time ruler and the common enemy of everyone on Change Square, had fought six brutal wars against the Houthi movement. These wars were not waged on religious grounds: Saleh is also a Zaidi, a denomination to which 40 per cent of Yemenis belong. To refer to the Houthis as "Shia rebels", as most sections of the media are doing, is misleading.
The Houthis, who call themselves "Ansar Allah" (defenders of God), came into being as a social/political movement opposed to the marginalisation of Yemen's north east. During the revolution, they were among the new political players on the national stage, like the youth and the South Yemen Movement. Together, they demanded the removal of the old, corrupt elite, in particular Saleh's clan. They also wanted him and his son to answer for war crimes committed in the north-eastern city of Sa'dah.
The failure of Western policy
Things turned out differently. The construct imposed on Yemen by the international community – Saudi Arabia, the USA and the EU – sought to achieve stability, not democracy and a new beginning. The revolutionaries, including the Houthis, were side-lined in favour of the old elite. Saleh received guaranteed immunity, the foundation on which he is building his political resurrection.
Today, many rounds later, Yemen shows that smothering demands for democracy has not served to bring stability. On the contrary, Western policy has failed in Yemen, just as it has elsewhere. But this idea is too uncomfortable to bear, which is why people prefer to explain Yemen in religious terms – Sunnis against Shias – which allows journalists to neatly pigeonhole the conflict. The only problem here is that Yemen doesn't really fit into this pigeonhole: the boundary between the two Muslim denominations is more porous here than anywhere else.
This is down to the Zaidis. Their name comes from the great-great-grandson of the prophet, whom they recognised as the fifth imam in the dispute over successors within Islam. In doing so, they bade goodbye to the majority of Shias before a religious Shia doctrine even came into being. As a small movement, left to their own devices, the Zaidis had a lot of freedom of thought. They have a remarkable intellectual history, which began in a small state in northern Iran, on the Caspian Sea, and continued, from the tenth century, onwards in northern Yemen, with Sa'dah as their capital.
Astonishing cultural transfer over great distances
The Zaidi theology was related to a rationalist school of Sunnis: the "Mu'tazila". They emphasised the free will of man above all else, which is why current Muslim reformist thinkers are making the link to them again. The Sunni rationalists went into decline after the eleventh century, their legacy only living on among the Zaidis. In Yemen today, around 50,000 old manuscripts bear witness to this astonishing cultural transfer, which took place over great distances.
This foray into the past was necessary to understand why the Zaidis, of all people, are unsuited to the media pattern of a Sunni–Shia religious war. Some of their scholars are very close to the Sunnis. This is why, in Yemen today, Zaidi Shias and Sunnis pray in the same mosques. "Shia mosques" exist only in the news.
But in spite of all this, can what is now happening in Yemen still be explained as a proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Unlike the media, experts and think-tanks say that although the Houthis are supported by Teheran, they are not steered by them. Moreover, their advances in the past few months have been facilitated principally by factors within the country: Saleh, for whom no tactic is too dirty, has allied himself with the Houthis and put those sections of the army that are still under his control at their disposal.
It also makes little logical sense to regard the Houthis as puppets of Teheran. If that were the case, why would their advance have coincided with the delicate final phase of the nuclear negotiations, in which the Iranian side made every effort to send out signals of detente?
For Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, it makes total sense to start a war at this precise moment, forcing the USA to oppose Iran, at least in this particular arena. But the expression "proxy war" is wrong here – and overly neutral. If the rich Saudi Arabia (plus nine allies) threatens to bombard the poor Yemen "until it is stable", there should be an outcry in published opinion pieces.
"Iranophobia" as a fixed component of the media
Many commentators, however, write with such empathy about the Saudi "nightmare" of being "encircled" by Iran that it sounds as if they have come straight from a briefing at the Saudi embassy. The Houthis are even being accused of potentially paving the way to Saudi Arabia for al-Qaida – a crazy fantasy. There is an old reflex at work here: Saudi Arabia is on the side of the West; it is our ally. And "Iranophobia" is firmly anchored in the media.
But there is something else. The tone of media reporting on the Middle East is now the same as it was before the start of the Arab Spring. There are powers, religion and geopolitics. There are no populations, fighting for rights and participation. There is much contempt in the idea that some Yemenis are allowing themselves to be instrumentalised by far-off Teheran.
You don't need to sympathise with the Houthis. They have fallen prey to the old Yemeni sickness: taking up arms and letting the weapons find their allies. But the West is not extending its hand to them for other reasons: just like al-Qaida, the Houthis are against the American drone war in Yemen.
Charlotte Wiedemann
© Qantara.de 2015
Translated from the German by Ruth Martin