Kais Saied's divisive online poll

Since 15 January Tunisians have been participating in the country's first-ever online referendum on their political future.

To express their opinions on six topics, including education, culture, elections and the economy, locals register on a special website called E-Istichara, or e-consultation, with their national identity number. They then receive an access code on their mobile phones and can take part in the survey. The online referendum, which began with a test phase in early January and is scheduled to run until March, is part of what Tunisian President Kais Saied has described as a roadmap towards constitutional change.

Last July, Saied froze the country's parliament, dismissed the sitting prime minister and granted himself emergency powers. He said he had been forced to take control of the executive himself because of ongoing political stagnation and corruption, a decade after the revolution that saw Tunisian dictator, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, flee the country.

The power grab divided the country. Saied's supporters say what he did was necessary to put an end to the political gridlock and economic impasse. Saied's critics described his actions as a "constitutional coup", arguing that he is a potential dictator, endangering Tunisia's nascent democracy. 

The President's road-map

As a result, "many people in Tunisia and abroad have called on [Saied] to produce a road map to return the country to democratic accountability," Anthony Dworkin, a senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, or ECFR, wrote this week.

Saied's roadmap, announced last month, includes a constitutional referendum to be held in July 2022. Tunisians are to vote on a new draft constitution for Tunisia prepared by Saied and an expert committee he has selected. The draft will take into account the results of the online survey. An election is planned for the end of the year, with rules based on whatever electoral system the new constitution favours.

The idea of the online poll has divided Tunisian opinion just as Saied's other plans for the country have. Even the website's slogan – "your opinion, our decision" – could be seen as open to interpretation, locals said. Saied has already said he wants a presidential-style system, with direct democracy at the regional level, rather than a national parliament. 

"It is a smart initiative," said Akram al-Shahed, an employee at a bank in the capital, Tunis. "He wants to treat everyone equally and does not privilege parties or elites. Regardless of the President's political inclinations, we live in a digital world and everyone should adapt to that."

"The problem is not in accepting or refusing online opinions," Rahma al-Habbasi, an engineer working in communications technology in Tunis, pointed out. "There are possible technical obstacles," he explained, noting differences in Internet coverage and education. Only around 66 percent of Tunisians have regular Internet access. Earlier this month, Tunisia's Ministry of Social Affairs announced that almost 18% of the population – or 2 million Tunisians – are illiterate. All of this means that the consultation process cannot be truly inclusive, critics argue.

Unknown origins

Additionally, IWatch, a corruption monitoring organisation and Transparency International's Tunisian partner, condemned the lack of transparency on the website. Nobody knew who made it, how safe personal data was, or who came up with the questions in the referendum, the organisation wrote. "We believe the questions … will be an attempt by whoever prepared them to direct the will of the people in advance and limit their right to self-determination," IWatch said in a statement.

International organisations concerned with digital privacy and Internet access, such as Access Now and Freedom House, have noted that, even if the consultation website applied Tunisia's data protection laws, these are long outdated.

Senior members of the Afek Tounes party and the Ennahda movement, which had the most seats in Tunisia's parliament until Saied's one-man mission to rebuild the country's political system began, also criticised the online consultation.

Identifying opponents

On his Facebook page, one of Saied's most vociferous critics, Moncef Marzouki, interim president of Tunisia straight after the revolution between 2011 and 2014, told readers to "ignore them and their idiotic consultation". Marzouki warned that the website was a fraud and would later be used to identify Tunisians who didn't agree with Saied.

Marzouki himself was sentenced to four years in prison, in absentia, on 22 December for "undermining external state security". The 76-year-old, who is known as a human rights activist, lives in Paris and said that his sentence was "political" because of his outspoken criticism of Saied's recent actions.

Last Wednesday, Marzouki became one of 19 Tunisians accused of electoral violations dating back to 2019. Others in the group include four former prime ministers and the heads of political parties.

But there are also large parts of the population and political parties that support Saied's year-long road map. Tunisia's Ba'ath party said it reflected "a clear and solid will for reform" and the left-wing Popular Front greeted it as an effort to remove corrupt Islamist politicians from power.

When Saied first shut down parliament, many ordinary Tunisians cheered him on. Nine governments over the past ten years hadn't resolved their dire economic situation and polling suggested that a majority thought the country was headed in the wrong direction, well before Saied took over.

However since then, increasingly autocratic behaviour from the President – such as using the judiciary to silence opponents like Marzouki – has been causing more concern.

Democracy-washing?

"What he has been doing has raised a greater degree of scepticism," the ECFR's Dworkin explained. "Since his power grab in July, a number of voices that were originally somewhat sympathetic have become quite opposed [to Saied]. It's become clear he really does intend to try and take the country in the direction of more centralised power."

That's why the digital consultation has also divided opinions. "At a basic level, it's better than people having no voice at all," admitted Dworkin. "But it really looks like a bit of a fig leaf, a gesture towards the idea of consultation without any real substance."

It's important to look at the broader context within which all this is happening, he continued. "And there's remarkably little transparency about how this process [the road map] is going to work. There's no formal involvement of any other political groups or civil society. And it is all taking place under a political system in which all the political power is currently concentrated in Saied's hands."

Cathrin Schaer & Tarak Guizani

© Deutsche Welle 2022