Expatriation hardly an option
German citizens who once joined the terrorist group "Islamic State" are currently being held in prisoner-of-war camps. Approximately 3000 former IS fighters and their families are imprisoned in Syria and Iraq; some 120 of them are German citizens.
Ex-IS members cannot currently be tried in northern Syria. U.S. President Donald Trump has called on Germany to retrieve German IS fighters detained in northern Syria. Other European countries need to follow suit. If they refuse, Trump has threatened to release the prisoners.
France to bring them back
Each European state is reacting differently: the British government wants to refuse to allow an IS follower to return to Great Britain by simply withdrawing her citizenship. Denmark has ruled out a repatriation of the fighters. They are "the most dangerous people in the world", said the foreign policy spokesman for the Danish liberals.
Austria's Chancellor has expressed himself more cautiously: according to Sebastian Kurz "the protection of the Austrian population" has priority. Belgium called for a "European solution". Only France announced in January that it would take back 130 fighters with French passports.
How will Germany deal with this question? Does the Federal Republic have to let the Germans return home from northern Syria or can it refuse?
There can be no uncontrolled return of former IS fighters to Germany, Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen has warned. As a result, the CSU is now demanding that former IS fighters with dual citizenship be deprived of German citizenship. However, this is impossible for those who only have German citizenship. The Basic Law expressly excludes the revocation of citizenship if the person concerned has no other citizenship and would therefore be rendered stateless.
Withdrawal of citizenship unconstitutional
The current legal situation offers three options for expatriation: revocation, loss and withdrawal of citizenship. In Germany, however, Article 16 of the Basic Law prohibits the revocation of citizenship. In order to prevent political abuse, no citizen may be expatriated by revocation. This passage was also included in reaction to the mass expatriation of Jews by the National Socialists during the Third Reich.
The second option is the loss of citizenship. This happens when a person assumes a foreign nationality or voluntarily joins the armed forces of another state. However, this only applies to regular armies, not to militias of non-state actors and that includes IS.
The third case is the withdrawal of citizenship. This can occur if a person has given false information when applying for naturalisation. If this can be proven, the act of naturalisation may be rescinded.
As a rule, therefore, IS returnees cannot be expatriated. However, there is debate as to whether "a person who has remained silent about his or her proximity to radical groups during naturalisation can have his or her naturalisation revoked," says Matthias Hartwig, lawyer and lecturer at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and Public Law.
After all, a person who pursues goals that are strongly incompatible with the German legal system would not be naturalised in the first place.
Were a person already pursuing such goals at the time of naturalisation and kept silent about them, the act of naturalisation might then be rescinded.
In practice, however, it is extremely difficult to prove whether a naturalised IS fighter became radicalised before or after obtaining his German passport.
"Basically, every state has a duty to take back its citizens. This is recognised under international law. The German government has also demanded this of North African states such as Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. The Federal Republic has been at pains to point out to these countries that they are obliged to accept their citizens. If Germans are stuck in northern Syria, then Germany must take them back," Hartwig said.
Establishing identity
According to the current legal situation, rejecting repatriation is not a realistic option. Any new legislation intended to apply to dual nationals who join terrorist groups abroad would only be applicable to future cases.
German citizens are generally registered. Proving that they are German citizens is therefore not much of a problem. "But German officials would have to travel to Syria and carry out identity checks." Should an individual be suspected of involvement in acts of war, the burden of proof lies with the German Federal Republic.
In principle, it is well nigh impossible to keep these ex-combatants out of Germany by constitutional means. Returnees holding dual nationality who are tried and sentenced in Germany could theoretically be expelled once their sentence has been served. "But a lot of time will have passed by then," points out Matthias Hartwig. "It would remain to be seen whether the state would still be interested in deporting them."
Nermin Ismail
© Deutsche Welle 2019